Ingliz tilida "so", "thus", "therefore" va "hence" dan foydalanish

Siz ingliz tilida "so" bog'lovchisi nimani anglatishini bilasiz deb o'ylayman. Ehtimol, siz "thus", "therefore" va "hence" asosan "so" bilan bir xil ma'noni anglatishini eshitgansiz va ular orasidagi farqni bilishni xohlaysiz. Agar shunday bo'lsa, ushbu maqola aynan siz uchun.

Alohida so'zlarga o'tishdan oldin, "thus", "therefore" va "hence" juda rasmiy bo'lib, kundalik suhbatda deyarli har doim "so" bilan almashtiriladigan yozma nutqda ancha keng tarqalganligini ta'kidlash kerak.

"Thus" va "so"

"thus" va "so" o'rtasidagi eng muhim farq shundaki, "so" bog'lovchi (ma'nosi "va shuning uchun"), "thus" esa ravish (ma'nosi "natijada") hisoblanadi. Masalan, quyidagi jumlani

He is not satisfied, so we must prepare a new proposal.

"thus" yordamida quyidagicha qayta yozishimiz mumkin:

He is not satisfied. Thus, we must prepare a new proposal.

He is not satisfied; thus, we must prepare a new proposal.

He is not satisfied, and(,) thus(,) we must prepare a new proposal.

He is not satisfied with it, thus we must prepare a new proposal.

"Thus" odatda jumlaning qolgan qismidan vergul bilan ajratiladi, lekin uchta vergul ketma-ket kelib qolsa (uchinchi misolda bo'lgani kabi) ko'pincha tushirib qoldiriladi.

Oxirgi keltirilgan misol noto'g'ri, chunki "thus" ikki asosiy jumlani bog'lay olmaydi (chunki ingliz tilida bog'lovchi sifatida qabul qilinmaydi).

"Thus" so'zining yana bir ma'nosi bor, undan keyin -ing shaklidagi fe'l keladi: "bu tarzda" yoki "natijada". Masalan:

They have developed a new technology, thus allowing them to reduce costs.

Bu yerda vergul o'rinli edi, chunki "thus" dan keyin keladigan narsa jumla emas, balki oldingi jumlani kengaytiruvchi qo'shimcha.

"Hence"

"thus" kabi, "hence" ham ravish bo'lib, bog'lovchi emas, shuning uchun ikki asosiy jumlani bog'lay olmaydi (e'tibor bering, rasmiy yozuvda "hence" atrofidagi vergullarni "thus" dan ko'ra ko'proq tushirib qoldirish odatiy holdir):

He is not satisfied. Hence(,) we must prepare a new proposal.

He is not satisfied; hence(,) we must prepare a new proposal.

He is not satisfied, hence we must prepare a new proposal.

"Hence" bu ma'noda asosan ilmiy yozuvlar, insholar kabi maxsus sohalarda ishlatiladi.

Biroq, "hence" so'zining yana bir, ko'proq tarqalgan ma'nosi bor, u fe'lni almashtiradi, lekin o'zi jumla hosil qilmaydi va har doim jumlaning qolgan qismidan vergul bilan ajratiladi:

Our server was down, hence the delay in responding.

The chemicals cause the rain to become acidic, hence the term “acid rain”.

Ko'rib turganingizdek, "hence" bu yerda "bu sababli" yoki "bu natijada" kabi iboralarni almashtiradi.

"Therefore"

Va nihoyat, "therefore" ham "mantiqiy natija sifatida" ma'nosini anglatadigan ravishdir. U asosan bir bayonot boshqasidan mantiqan kelib chiqadigan argumentlarda ishlatiladi va ilmiy adabiyotda keng tarqalgan.

Yana, uslub qo'llanmalari odatda uni vergullar bilan ajratishni tavsiya qiladi, lekin agar bu jumlaning tabiiy oqimini buzsa, ko'pchilik mualliflar vergullarni tushirib qoldirishga moyildirlar:

The two lines intersect. Therefore(,) they are not parallel.

The two lines intersect; therefore(,) they are not parallel.

The two lines intersect, and(,) therefore(,) they are not parallel.

The two lines intersect, therefore they are not parallel.

Ba'zi odamlar "therefore" ni bog'lovchi sifatida ishlatish mumkin deb hisoblashadi (xuddi "so" kabi) va vergul bilan ajratish o'rniga nuqtali vergul bilan ajratish maqbul deb hisoblashadi. Biroq, hech bir yirik ingliz lug'ati (masalan, Oxford English Dictionary yoki Merriam-Webster) bunday foydalanishni qo'llab-quvvatlamaydi.

Shuni yodda tutish kerakki, "therefore" ikki jumla o'rtasida aniq mantiqiy bog'lanish bo'lmaganda, ayniqsa norasmiy kontekstda tabiiy eshitilmaydi. Bunday hollarda "so" ni ishlatishingiz kerak:

The trip was cancelled, so I visited my grandma instead.

The trip was cancelled; therefore I visited my grandma instead.

Yuqorida aytib o'tilgan har bir so'z uchun bir nechta qo'shimcha misollar:

...

Bu hali hammasi emas! Matnning qolgan qismini koʻrish va bizning til oʻrganuvchilar hamjamiyatimizning bir qismiga aylanish uchun roʻyxatdan oʻting.

...

Maqolaning qolgan qismi faqat tizimga kirgan foydalanuvchilar uchun mavjud. Ro'yxatdan o'tish orqali siz katta kontent kutubxonasiga kirish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lasiz.

O'qishni davom ettiring



7 Britaniya va Amerika ingliz tilida "at school" va "in school" iboralarining farqlari

Izohlar

Jakub 52d

Siz qiynalayotgan boshqa shunday iboralar bormi? Izohlarda menga xabar bering.

Ko‘proq ko‘rsatish yoki izoh yozish

1.	Introduction
2.	“Lie in bed” or “lay in bed”
3.	“Information is” vs. “informations are” – plural or singular
4.	(An) information – is there an article?
5.	“News is” or “news are” – problematic words ending with an “s”
6.	So, thus, therefore, and hence
7.	“At school” vs. “in school”
8.	“In office” vs. “in the office” vs. “at the office”
9.	“Help do” vs. “help to do” vs. “help doing”
10.	“In the picture” vs. “on the picture”
11.	“Half five”, “half seven”, “half ten” etc. in British English
12.	“Prefer to” or “prefer over”
13.	“Arrive to” vs. “arrive in” vs. “arrive at”
14.	Each other's vs. each others'
15.	Difference between “cemetery” and “graveyard”

1.	Introduction
2.	“Lie in bed” or “lay in bed”
3.	“Information is” vs. “informations are” – plural or singular
4.	(An) information – is there an article?
5.	“News is” or “news are” – problematic words ending with an “s”
6.	So, thus, therefore, and hence
7.	“At school” vs. “in school”
8.	“In office” vs. “in the office” vs. “at the office”
9.	“Help do” vs. “help to do” vs. “help doing”
10.	“In the picture” vs. “on the picture”
11.	“Half five”, “half seven”, “half ten” etc. in British English
12.	“Prefer to” or “prefer over”
13.	“Arrive to” vs. “arrive in” vs. “arrive at”
14.	Each other's vs. each others'
15.	Difference between “cemetery” and “graveyard”