by (EN)

préposition, adverbe, adjectif

préposition “by”

1. à côté de
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   The children played by the old oak tree.
2. en passant par
   A cat slipped by the house unnoticed.
3. avant
   I need to finish this report by Friday.
4. par
   The cake was cut by the birthday girl.
5. par (avec l'indication de l'auteur)
   The painting hanging in the hall is by Van Gogh.
6. par (avec l'indication de la méthode)
   She got the job by impressing the interviewers with her knowledge.
7. sous
   The judge ruled by the law of the land.
8. par (avec serment)
   By Jove, you've finally understood the equation!
9. selon
   The librarian organized the books by author.
10. de
    The temperature dropped by five degrees overnight.
11. l'un après l'autre
    The team tackled the problem step by step.
12. par (quantités de)
    He was eating cookies by the handful.
13. chaque
    The company's revenue is increasing by the month.
14. selon (avec l'indication de la source)
    By the witness's account, the suspect fled the scene.
15. par (indiquant les dimensions)
    The room measures 10 feet by 12 feet.

adverbe “by”

1. en passant
   As we sat on the porch, the parade went by with music and colorful floats.
2. à proximité
   The post office is just by, around the corner.
3. près de
   Can you swing by the store and grab some milk?
4. de côté
   She put some money by for her vacation.

adjectif “by”

1. à l'écart
   We found a quiet by-lane to walk down.
2. accessoire
   The by-product of our invention is a reduction on CO2 emissions.