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by (EN)
Präposition, Adverb, Adjektiv

Präposition “by”

by
  1. neben
    The children played by the old oak tree.
  2. vorbei
    A cat slipped by the house unnoticed.
  3. bis
    I need to finish this report by Friday.
  4. durch (im Sinne von verursacht durch)
    The cake was cut by the birthday girl.
  5. von (im Sinne von geschrieben von)
    The painting hanging in the hall is by Van Gogh.
  6. mit (im Sinne von mittels)
    She got the job by impressing the interviewers with her knowledge.
  7. unter (im Sinne von unter der Autorität)
    The judge ruled by the law of the land.
  8. bei (im Sinne von schwören bei)
    By Jove, you've finally understood the equation!
  9. nach (im Sinne von sortiert nach)
    The librarian organized the books by author.
  10. um (im Sinne von um den Betrag)
    The temperature dropped by five degrees overnight.
  11. hintereinander
    The team tackled the problem step by step.
  12. in (im Sinne von in Mengen von)
    He was eating cookies by the handful.
  13. jeder (masculine), jede (feminine), jedes (neuter)
    The company's revenue is increasing by the month.
  14. laut (im Sinne von laut Aussage von)
    By the witness's account, the suspect fled the scene.
  15. mal (im Sinne von Maße angeben, z.B. 2m mal 3m)
    The room measures 10 feet by 12 feet.

Adverb “by”

by (more/most)
  1. vorbei (im Sinne von Bewegung)
    As we sat on the porch, the parade went by with music and colorful floats.
  2. in der Nähe
    The post office is just by, around the corner.
  3. bei
    Can you swing by the store and grab some milk?
  4. aufgehoben (im Sinne von aufbewahrt)
    She put some money by for her vacation.

Adjektiv “by”

Grundform by, nicht steigerbar
  1. abseits (im Sinne von abseits gelegen)
    We found a quiet by-lane to walk down.
  2. nebenbei (im Sinne von nicht der Hauptfokus)
    The by-product of our invention is a reduction on CO2 emissions.