by (EN)

предлог, наречие, прилагательное

предлог “by”

1. около
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   The children played by the old oak tree.
2. мимо
   A cat slipped by the house unnoticed.
3. к (с указанием времени)
   I need to finish this report by Friday.
4. от (с указанием действующего лица)
   The cake was cut by the birthday girl.
5. авторства (с указанием автора)
   The painting hanging in the hall is by Van Gogh.
6. с помощью
   She got the job by impressing the interviewers with her knowledge.
7. по разрешению
   The judge ruled by the law of the land.
8. клясться (с указанием объекта клятвы)
   By Jove, you've finally understood the equation!
9. по (с указанием признака классификации)
   The librarian organized the books by author.
10. на (с указанием степени или количества)
    The temperature dropped by five degrees overnight.
11. подряд
    The team tackled the problem step by step.
12. по (с указанием количества в единицах измерения)
    He was eating cookies by the handful.
13. каждый
    The company's revenue is increasing by the month.
14. по словам (с указанием источника)
    By the witness's account, the suspect fled the scene.
15. размером (с указанием размеров)
    The room measures 10 feet by 12 feet.

наречие “by”

1. мимо (как наречие)
   As we sat on the porch, the parade went by with music and colorful floats.
2. поблизости
   The post office is just by, around the corner.
3. у
   Can you swing by the store and grab some milk?
4. про запас
   She put some money by for her vacation.

прилагательное “by”

1. второстепенный
   We found a quiet by-lane to walk down.
2. побочный
   The by-product of our invention is a reduction on CO2 emissions.