hard (EN)

adjective, adverb

adjective “hard”

1. not easily broken, cut, or penetrated
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   The rock was so hard that even the sharpest chisel couldn't scratch its surface.
2. challenging to do or understand
   Learning to play the violin is hard for many beginners.
3. (of work) requiring great effort
   Studying for the final exams was [10903:3694#0 hard] work, but it paid off in the end.
4. (of a drug) possibly causing addiction
   Cocaine is considered a hard drug because of its high potential for addiction.
5. containing alcohol
   At the party, they served a punch that turned out to be hard, much to everyone's surprise.
6. having a high mineral content
   The hard water in our area makes it difficult to get soap to lather properly.
7. (of light) producing sharp shadows
   The hard light at noon created sharp shadows under the trees, making the scene perfect for dramatic photography.
8. (of words or expressions) severe, harsh
   The teacher's hard criticism left the student feeling discouraged.
9. undeniable or clear
   The judge demanded hard proof of the defendant's whereabouts on the night of the crime.
10. in physical form, not digital
    I prefer reading hard copies of books rather than using an e-reader.
11. performed manually or physically, not through software
    When the computer froze, I had to perform a hard shutdown by holding the power button until it turned off.
12. having a larger or ninety-degree angle at an intersection
    When you reach the fork in the road, make a hard right to stay on the main path.
13. (slang, of a male) sexually aroused
    Seeing her in that tight dress made him instantly hard.
14. (phonetics) plosive rather than fricative or affricate
    The letter "g" is hard in "goat" but soft in "giraffe."
15. (Slavic phonology) not palatalized
    In Russian, the consonant "г" is pronounced harder before "а" than it is before "и".
16. extreme in political stance
    His views have shifted towards the hard left since he started attending the new discussion group.
17. (of pornography) explicit or graphic in content
    The website was blocked because it contained hard pornography, which violated the internet usage policy.

adverb “hard”

1. with a lot of force or effort
   She pushed the door hard, but it wouldn't budge.
2. with a lot of effort or difficulty
   She studied hard to pass the exam.